AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Gymnosperms possess several key evolutionary innovations compared to earlier groups such as the clubmosses and ferns. They produce sperm-containing pollen, which is carried through the air by the wind to the female. This innovation has freed these plants from the need for water for sexual reproduction.

Detailed explanation-2: -Gymnosperms have an advanced root foundation and are made up of vascular tissues, whereas pteridophytes are divided into root systems, stalks, and leaflets. In pteridophytes, the main part of evolution i.e the seed is missing.

Detailed explanation-3: -What advantage did gymnosperms have over ferns? Gymnosperms produce pollen and do not require water to reproduce. Both seed protection and seed dispersal are correct.

Detailed explanation-4: -What is the advantage of a gymnosperm producing a seed over a fern producing a spore? Seeds are diploid, and can grow directly into a sporophyte.