AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A few algae, liverworts, hornworts and mosses are nonvascular plants. Reproduction in such plants is through spore production in contrast to seeds, as a result they do not bear wood, flowers or fruits.

Detailed explanation-2: -Nonvascular plants include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. They lack roots, stems, and leaves. Nonvascular plants are low-growing, reproduce with spores, and need a moist habitat.

Detailed explanation-3: -How do nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants reproduce? Nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants both reproduce by sexual means in which there is the production of male and female gametes, and asexual means in which there is a production of spores by the sporophytes.

Detailed explanation-4: -These are the nonvascular plants or bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), the seedless vascular plants (clubmosses and ferns including, horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns), gymnosperms (conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes), and angiosperms, or flowering plants.

Detailed explanation-5: -They not only lack vascular tissues; they also lack true leaves, seeds, and flowers. Instead of roots, they have hair-like rhizoids to anchor them to the ground and to absorb water and minerals (see Figure below).