AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Vertebrates have a true vertebral column and an internal skeleton. Vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

Detailed explanation-2: -Vertebrates are animals with backbones and skeletal systems. A backbone can also be called a spine, spinal column, or vertebral column. The individual bones that make up a backbone are called vertebrae.

Detailed explanation-3: -Vertebratavertebrates Vertebrates, which include fishes, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals, all share a vertebral column, or a chain of bony elements (vertebrae) that run along the dorsal surface from head to tail and form the main skeletal axis of the body.

Detailed explanation-4: -All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan: a stiff rod running through the length of the animal (vertebral column and/or notochord), with a hollow tube of nervous tissue (the spinal cord) above it and the gastrointestinal tract below.

Detailed explanation-5: -Vertebrates are animals that have backbones and an endoskeleton (skeleton inside their bodies). In contrast, invertebrates are animals that do not have backbones. Invertebrates can have a skeleton outside their bodies called an exoskeleton, while some invertebrates have no skeleton at all!