AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In seedless vascular plants, the sporophyte became the dominant phase of the lifecycle. Water is still required for fertilization of seedless vascular plants, and most favor a moist environment. Modern-day seedless vascular plants include club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and whisk ferns.

Detailed explanation-2: -Seedless vascular plants reproduce via spores but, unlike non-vascular plants (hornworts, mosses, and liverworts) have a vascular system with xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients (Figure 7.1. 1). They do not produce flowers, fruits, or seeds.

Detailed explanation-3: -Ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and whisk ferns are seedless vascular plants that reproduce with spores and are found in moist environments.

Detailed explanation-4: -The seedless vascular plants include club mosses, which are the most primitive; whisk ferns, which lost leaves and roots by reductive evolution; and horsetails and ferns. Ferns are the most advanced group of seedless vascular plants.

Detailed explanation-5: -With their large fronds, the true ferns are perhaps the most readily recognizable seedless vascular plants. They are also considered to be the most advanced seedless vascular plants and display characteristics commonly observed in seed plants.