AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Not all vascular plants produce seeds, however the majority do. The gymnosperms and the angiosperms produce seeds. However, other vascular plants, including ferns, do not produce seeds.

Detailed explanation-2: -Vascular plants like ferns and horsetails don’t have seeds, they reproduce with spores! These plants have two stages, the gametophyte stage and the sporophyte stage. The sporophyte stage is what you are probably most familiar with. This is when the fern has fronds with spores on the underside.

Detailed explanation-3: -The vascular plants (the “tracheophytes”) are a monophyletic clade of polysporangiate lineages characterized by the capacity to produce xylem and phloem in addition to the ability to form cuticles, stomata, and spores with chemically and mechanically resistant walls.

Detailed explanation-4: -Seedless vascular plants are plants that contain vascular tissue, but do not produce flowers or seeds. In seedless vascular plants, such as ferns and horsetails, the plants reproduce using haploid, unicellular spores instead of seeds.

Detailed explanation-5: -Both angiosperms and gymnosperms are vascular plants that reproduce by making seeds. Angiosperms are seed-producing flowering plants while gymnosperms are seed-producing non-flowering plants.