AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Spores are minute, typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans.

Detailed explanation-2: -Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction where growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in aphids, rotifers, nematodes, and some other invertebrates, as well as in many plants and certain lizards, such as the Komodo dragon.

Detailed explanation-3: -Spore Formation is a method in Asexual Reproduction. Many Spores are stored in sacs called Sporangia. When Sporangia burst; minute single-celled, thin or thick walled structures called spores are obtained. Under suitable conditions, they develop into a new Plant. Reproducing using spores is an asexual method.

Detailed explanation-4: -During asexual reproduction, these spores are dispersed via wind and germinate into haploid hyphae.

Detailed explanation-5: -Nuclei within asexual spores are produced by mitotic division so that the spores are clones of the parent mycelium. The simplest mechanism of spore formation involves the differentiation of preformed mycelium.