AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In almost all moss species the capsule has a well-defined mouth at the end opposite the stalk or the point attaching the capsule to a stem. When there is a mouth, the spores are released through that mouth.

Detailed explanation-2: -The sporangium, a spore-bearing region, contains minute, developing spores and is attached to the seta by a structure called a foot. Inside the capsule, spores develop to maturity by meiosis and are shed by wind currents and breezes.

Detailed explanation-3: -Each sporophyte plant is composed of a capsule, which is the center of spore formation; a stalk; and a foot that attaches the sporophyte body to the tip of the gametophyte. Eventually, the diploid spores are released and, upon successful germination, grow into another moss plant.

Detailed explanation-4: -Within the spore sac, spores gradually develop (Wallace et al., 2015), and the capsule gradually matures leading to the sporophyte changing color from green to yellow, then orange, before finally browning (Chater et al., 2016; Hiss et al., 2017).

Detailed explanation-5: -Capsules are made up of gelatin (hard or soft) and nongelatin shells generally derived from hydrolysis of collagen (acid, alkaline, enzymatic, or thermal hydrolysis) from animal origin or cellulose based.