AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Pteridophytes are vascular plants that produce spores. These include ferns, horsetails, clubmoss, and spikemoss.

Detailed explanation-2: -Ferns generally reproduce by producing spores. Similar to flowering plants, ferns have roots, stems and leaves. However, unlike flowering plants, ferns do not have flowers or seeds; instead, they usually reproduce sexually by tiny spores or sometimes can reproduce vegetatively, as exemplified by the walking fern.

Detailed explanation-3: -Complete Answer: Fungi, Mosses and Ferns do not produce seeds or flowers. They propagate with spores that appear on the bottom of the fronds.

Detailed explanation-4: -Pteridophytes are vascular plants that produce spores, such ferns, horsetails, clubmoss, and spikemoss. Pteridophytes are distinguished from other spore-producing plants, bryophytes, by their vascular tissue. Their lack of seeds also distinguishes them from other vascular plants, such as gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Detailed explanation-5: -Ferns reproduce by producing spores. Spores are structures with tough, protective coating. This helps in the survival of spores in harsh conditions. The spores in ferns are produced by bodies called sori.