AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -This transfer of pollen grains can take place through abiotic factors such as wind and water, or it can also take place through biotic factors such as other animals. Pollination, which occurs through the means of animals, is known as zoophily.

Detailed explanation-2: -Pollen transfer is effected by wind, water, and animals, primarily insects and birds. Wind-pollinated flowers usually have an inconspicuous reduced perianth, long slender filaments and styles, covered with sticky trichomes and often branched stigmas, pendulous catkin inflorescences, and small, smooth pollen grains.

Detailed explanation-3: -Our data (Tables 1 and 2) show that 86% of the basal angiosperm families have species that are insect-pollinated, 17% of the families have wind-pollinated species, and 34% of the families with nonwind-pollinated species have specialized pollination modes, including water and Hymenoptera.

Detailed explanation-4: -More than 80 percent of angiosperms depend on animals for pollination (technically the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma). Consequently, plants have developed many adaptations to attract pollinators.

Detailed explanation-5: -Many angiosperm species rely on the interaction between animals and their flowers for reproduction. As insects, birds or other animals move from one flower to another feeding on nectar, they commonly distribute pollen from flower to flower as they go which leads to plants being pollinated and seeds to be produced.