AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -4) Dispersal by animals and birds-Spiny seeds get attached to the body of animals and birds and are carried to new sites by them. Some fruits have hooks that cling to the fur or clothes. Examples-mango, xanthium, etc.

Detailed explanation-2: -Animals can disperse seeds by excreting or burying them; other fruits have structures, such as hooks, that attach themselves to animals’ fur. Humans also play a role as dispersers by moving fruit to new places and discarding the inedible portions containing the seeds.

Detailed explanation-3: -Examples include mangoes, guavas, breadfruit, carob, and several fig species. In South Africa, a desert melon (Cucumis humifructus) participates in a symbiotic relationship with aardvarks-the animals eat the fruit for its water content and bury their own dung, which contains the seeds, near their burrows.

Detailed explanation-4: -Plants lure animals into dispersing their seeds by producing yummy nuts, fruits, and seeds for them to eat. Once the animal has eaten and digested the seeds, it will deposit them in its feces which will then begin the growth process for a brand-new plant, often at a great distance from the parent plant.