AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The opening and closing of stomata are controlled by specialized cells called guard cells. The turgor pressure in the guard cells controls the opening and closing of the guard cells. Stomatal pores open when guard cells enlarge as a result of water absorption and close when guard cells shrink.

Detailed explanation-2: -The opening and closing of stomata depend on the turgor pressure, caused by the osmotic flow of water in the guard cells. When the guard cells are turgid, they expand resulting in the opening of stomata. When the guard cells lose water, they become flaccid leading to stomatal closure.

Detailed explanation-3: -Guard cells are specialised plant cells that regulate the gas exchange in the epidermis of leaves, and stems. They are generated in pairs, with a stomatal pore forming the gap between them.

Detailed explanation-4: -Specialized epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells are called: A. Complementary cells.