AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and whisk ferns are seedless vascular plants that reproduce with spores and are found in moist environments.

Detailed explanation-2: -Modern-day seedless vascular plants include club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and whisk ferns.

Detailed explanation-3: -Ferns & Fern Allies Like forbs, grasses and trees, ferns are “vascular” plants. They have special tissues that transport fluids and nutrients internally. They also have true root systems, leaves and stems. However, ferns are unlike most plants because they do not produce flowers and seeds.

Detailed explanation-4: -Ferns are seedless, vascular plants. They contain two types of vascular tissue that are needed to move substances throughout the plant. Evolutionarily, this addition of vascular tissue to plants is what allowed ferns to grow up and out rather than just spreading along the ground.

Detailed explanation-5: -However, unlike flowering plants, ferns do not have flowers or seeds; instead, they usually reproduce sexually by tiny spores or sometimes can reproduce vegetatively, as exemplified by the walking fern. In the past, ferns had been loosely grouped with other spore-bearing vascular plants, often called “fern allies”.