AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Like the rest of the plant, the stem has three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. Each is distinguished by characteristic cell types that perform specific tasks necessary for the plant’s growth and survival.

Detailed explanation-2: -The dermal tissue of the stem consists primarily of epidermis: a single layer of cells covering and protecting the underlying tissue. Woody plants have a tough, waterproof outer layer of cork cells commonly known as bark, which further protects the plant from damage.

Detailed explanation-3: -The stem supports the plant, holding up the plant’s leaves, flowers, and fruits. Within the stem, bundles of vascular tissue, consisting of xylem and phloem, transport water, nutrients, food, and other chemicals between the different parts of the plant.

Detailed explanation-4: -Sclerenchyma. These are elongated, dead cells with lignin deposits in their cell wall. They have no intercellular gaps. Sclerenchyma is found in the covering of seeds and nuts, around the vascular tissues in stems and the veins of leaves.

Detailed explanation-5: -Plant body organization The stems and leaves together make up the shoot system. Each organ (roots, stems, and leaves) include all three tissue types (ground, vascular, and dermal). Different cell types comprise each tissue type, and the structure of each cell type influences the function of the tissue it comprises.