AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In angiosperms, passive inflation of epidermal cells at high water potential pushes back on guard cells, causing stomata to close rather than open.

Detailed explanation-2: -Stomatal opening is induced by low CO2 concentrations, high light intensity and high humidity. By contrast closing is promoted by high CO2 concentrations, darkness, drought and the plant hormone ABA.

Detailed explanation-3: -Stomata opening and closure Guard cells can take in sugars, potassium, and chloride ions. The increase of solutes induces the entry of water across the guard cells membrane. As the water goes in the volume of cells starts to increase, promoting stomata opening.

Detailed explanation-4: -Upon the incoming of water inside the guard cells, they swell up to become like a curved banana surface, due to which the stomatal pore opens up. When the guard cells lose water, they become flaccid and straight and thus, close the stomatal aperture. Guard cells and stomata regulates the respiration process in plants.