AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The movements of water is through the root hairs to the cortical cells and then to the layer of endodermis is through the process of osmosis down the concentration gradient. The water enters the cortex mostly by apoplast pathway and then crosses endodermis through symplast to reach xylem vessels.

Detailed explanation-2: -Water is passively transported into the roots and then into the xylem via cells of cortex. Plants absorb water from the soil by osmosis. Root hair cells are adapted for this by having a large surface area to speed up osmosis. The forces of cohesion and adhesion cause the water molecules to form a column in the xylem.

Detailed explanation-3: -Osmosis plays a central role in the movement of water between cells and various compartments within plants. In the absence of transpiration, osmotic forces dominate the movement of water into roots.

Detailed explanation-4: -Water enters the root hair cells by osmosis. This happens because soil water has a higher water potential than the cytoplasm of the root hair cell.

Detailed explanation-5: -In the symplast pathway (symplastic route), water passes from cytoplasm to cytoplasm through plasmodesmata (Figure 17.1. 4. 4). In the transmembrane pathway, water crosses plasma membranes, entering and exiting each cell.