AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Transmembrane proteins are found in all types of biological membranes. Integral monotopic proteins are permanently attached to the membrane from only one side.

Detailed explanation-2: -Within biochemistry, a ligand is defined as any molecule or atom that irreversibly binds to a receiving protein molecule, otherwise known as a receptor. When a ligand binds to its respective receptor, the shape and/or activity of the ligand is altered to initiate several different types of cellular responses.

Detailed explanation-3: -There are three major classes of membrane lipid molecules-phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids.

Detailed explanation-4: -The ligand is a chemical messenger released by one cell to signal either itself or a different cell. The binding results in a cellular effect, which manifests as any number of changes in that cell, including altering gene transcription or translation or changing cell morphology.