AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Transduction: When the signaling molecule binds the receptor it changes the receptor protein in some way. This change initiates the process of transduction. Signal transduction is usually a pathway of several steps. Each relay molecule in the signal transduction pathway changes the next molecule in the pathway.

Detailed explanation-2: -A cellular response is the way that cells respond to signals in their environment. A cellular response is the third step in signal transduction, the pathway of receiving an external stimulus and causing a response.

Detailed explanation-3: -Signal transduction (also known as cell signaling) is the transmission of molecular signals from a cell’s exterior to its interior. Signals received by cells must be transmitted effectively into the cell to ensure an appropriate response. This step is initiated by cell-surface receptors.

Detailed explanation-4: -In most cases, a chain of reactions transmits signals from the cell surface to a variety of intracellular targets-a process called intracellular signal transduction. The targets of such signaling pathways frequently include transcription factors that function to regulate gene expression.