AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Small, hydrophobic ligands can pass through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors in the nucleus or cytoplasm. In the human body, some of the most important ligands of this type are the steroid hormones.

Detailed explanation-2: -These receptors are also known as transmembrane receptors. These are proteins that are found on the surface of cells and span the plasma membrane. They bind to ligands that cannot themselves pass through the plasma membrane. These are often hydrophilic ligands or ones too large to make it through.

Detailed explanation-3: -A molecule that binds to a receptor is called a ligand and can be a protein, peptide (short protein), or another small molecule, such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, pharmaceutical drug, toxin, calcium ion or parts of the outside of a virus or microbe.

Detailed explanation-4: -Intracellular receptors are receptors that are within the cell. When the ligand binds to the receptor it creates a ligand-receptor complex that can pass through the nuclear pore of the nucleus and interact with DNA to inhibit or cause the production of proteins.

Detailed explanation-5: -A ligand is a molecule that binds another specific molecule, in some cases, delivering a signal in the process. Ligands can thus be thought of as signaling molecules. Ligands interact with proteins in target cells, which are cells that are affected by chemical signals; these proteins are also called receptors.