AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Opioids also cause neurons that produce dopamine, the neurotransmitter that plays a role in how we feel pleasure, to fire more frequently. This creates feelings of euphoria (intense happiness).

Detailed explanation-2: -Acute morphine increases dopamine release in the NAc (Di Chiara and Imperato, 1988b; Johnson and North, 1992) by inhibiting GABAergic neurons in the VTA and rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) that synapse on dopaminergic neurons (Tepper et al., 1995; Jalabert et al., 2011).

Detailed explanation-3: -4 Morphine usually reduced the excitation of neurones by acetylcholine, noradrenaline or 5-hydroxytryptamine but sometimes potentiated the effect, although not always on the same neurones.

Detailed explanation-4: -Opioids trigger the release of endorphins, your brain’s feel-good neurotransmitters. Endorphins muffle your perception of pain and boost feelings of pleasure, creating a temporary but powerful sense of well-being.

Detailed explanation-5: -Opioids produce euphoria, tranquility, and rewarding behavior. Euphoria is mediated by receptors. Activation of receptors produces dysphoria.