AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Paracrine signaling Often, cells that are near one another communicate through the release of chemical messengers (ligands that can diffuse through the space between the cells). This type of signaling, in which cells communicate over relatively short distances, is known as paracrine signaling.

Detailed explanation-2: -In paracrine signaling, a molecule released by one cell acts on neighboring target cells. An example is provided by the action of neurotransmitters in carrying signals between nerve cells at a synapse. Finally, some cells respond to signaling molecules that they themselves produce.

Detailed explanation-3: -Paracrine signaling between the mesenchymal and epithelial cells and interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) are the major components of the stem cell niche that modulates cell behavior [1, 9].

Detailed explanation-4: -Paracrine signalling is when signal molecules are secreted into the extracellular fluid by signalling cells and the secreted molecules only affect neighbouring cells surrounding the signalling cell, acting as local mediators. Usually the signalling and target cells in paracrine signalling are of different cell types.