AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because the number of molecules used is small and fixed. they counter the harmful effects of phosphatases. they amplify the original signal many-fold.

Detailed explanation-2: -In addition, the phosphorylation of a protein can regulate the process of signal transduction since it is able to trigger the subcellular translocation of the protein phosphorylated by the mechanism itself.

Detailed explanation-3: -This cascade mechanism amplifies the original signal received by the cell surface many times by activating the protein molecules and the secondary messengers in the cell. They remain in the active stage for a longer time and thus can process more molecules.

Detailed explanation-4: -Activation of protein kinases Kinases transfer phosphate to specific target proteins causing a cell response. Activation frequently leads to a protein kinase cascade, resulting in the rapid amplification of extra-cellular signals.

Detailed explanation-5: -Phosphorylation reactions often occur in series, or cascades, in which one kinase activates the next. These cascades serve to amplify the original signal, but also improving the signal (less noise) and allowing for cross talk between different pathways.