THE CELL
CELL COMMUNICATION
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Question
[CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
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transport a signal molecule through the lipid bilayer and into the cytoplasm
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relay a message from the receptor of the first messenger throughout the cytoplasm
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transmit a message from the outside of the membrane to the extracellular fluid
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produce a cellular response such as the production of a protein
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Detailed explanation-1: -Second messengers provide a direct connection between signaling molecules such as neurotransmitters, cytokines, and growth factors and changes in gene expression that are ultimately responsible for the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of nerve cells.
Detailed explanation-2: -Second messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface-such as the arrival of protein hormones, growth factors, etc.-to target molecules in the cytosol and/or nucleus.
Detailed explanation-3: -Second messengers trigger physiological changes at cellular level such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, apoptosis and depolarization. They are one of the triggers of intracellular signal transduction cascades.
Detailed explanation-4: -For example, when epinephrine binds to beta-adrenergic receptors in cell membranes, G-protein activation stimulates cAMP synthesis by adenylyl cyclase. The newly synthesized cAMP is then able to act as a second messenger, rapidly propagating the epinephrine signal to the appropriate molecules in the cell.