AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -1. Reception: A cell detects a signaling molecule from the outside of the cell. A signal is detected when the chemical signal (also known as a ligand) binds to a receptor protein on the surface of the cell or inside the cell.

Detailed explanation-2: -A ligand that can bind to and alter the function of the receptor that triggers a physiological response is called a receptor agonist. Ligands that bind to a receptor but fail to activate the physiological response are receptor antagonists.

Detailed explanation-3: -Reception: Reception is when the cell detects a signaling molecule from the cell’s extracellular matrix. This signal then binds to its specific receptor and causes a change in the protein receptor shape. Transduction: It is the process initiated by the binding of the signaling molecule to the receptor.

Detailed explanation-4: -A ligand binds to a receptor, leading indirectly to activation of adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP. cAMP binds to protein kinase A and activates it, allowing PKA to phosphorylate downstream factors to produce a cellular response.

Detailed explanation-5: -The cell targeted by a particular chemical signal has a receptor protein on or in the target cell that recognizes the signal molecule. Recognition occurs when the signal binds to a specific site on the receptor that is complementary in shape to the signal.