AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Kinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates proteins. Phosphatase is an enzyme that dephosphorylates proteins, effectively undoing the action of kinase.

Detailed explanation-2: -Kinases phosphorylate proteins and phosphatases dephosphorylate proteins.

Detailed explanation-3: -Protein kinases and phosphatases are enzymes catalysing the transfer of phosphate between their substrates. A protein kinase catalyses the transfer of -phosphate from ATP (or GTP) to its protein substrates while a protein phosphatase catalyses the transfer of the phosphate from a phosphoprotein to a water molecule.

Detailed explanation-4: -Protein kinase A acts to phosphorylate many enzymes important in metabolism. For example, protein kinase A phosphorylates acetyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. Such covalent modification has an inhibitory effect on these enzymes, thus inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting net gluconeogenesis.

Detailed explanation-5: -Protein phosphorylation is catalyzed by enzymes known as protein kinases, while the reverse reaction (i.e., removal of phosphates from proteins) is mediated by protein phosphatases (Manning, Whyte, Martinez, Hunter, & Sudarsanam, 2002).