AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Membrane markers allow cells to recognize one another, which is vital for cellular signaling processes that influence tissue and organ formation during early development. This marking function also plays a later role in the “self”-versus-“non-self” distinction of the immune response.

Detailed explanation-2: -Along with peripheral proteins, carbohydrates form specialized sites on the cell surface that allow cells to recognize each other.

Detailed explanation-3: -In general, cells recognize each other through phenotypic properties shaped by their genotype and expression thereof, which is influenced by environmental and stochastic fluctuations.