AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Glycolysis is an ancient, major ATP-producing pathway that occurs in almost all cells, eukaryotes and prokaryotes alike. This process, which is also known as fermentation, takes place in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.

Detailed explanation-2: -Fermentation is a reaction that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells use to obtain energy from food when oxygen levels are low. Because no oxygen is used, fermentation makes less ATP than cellular respiration does. Fermentation takes place in a cell’s cytoplasm, not in mitochondria. There are several types of fermentation.

Detailed explanation-3: -cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water.

Detailed explanation-4: -In almost all prokaryotes and eukaryotes, aerobic respiration occurs in the cells. The end products of this type of respiration are water, CO2 and energy. Aerobic respiration can only take place with the help of oxygen. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.

Detailed explanation-5: -Anaerobic cellular respiration Some prokaryotes-bacteria and archaea-that live in low-oxygen environments rely on anaerobic respiration to break down fuels. For example, some archaea called methanogens can use carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor, producing methane as a by-product.