AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Cilia and flagella are motile, hair-like projections of the cell surface. They create currents in the surrounding fluid or movements of the cell to which they are attached, or both. There are two categories of cilia: single non-motile primary cilia and multiple motile cilia.

Detailed explanation-2: -Flagella are primarily used for cell movement and are found in prokaryotes as well as some eukaryotes. The prokaryotic flagellum spins, creating forward movement by a corkscrew shaped filament. A prokaryote can have one or several flagella, localized to one pole or spread out around the cell.

Detailed explanation-3: -Prokaryotic cells move through liquids or over moist surfaces by swimming, swarming, gliding, twitching or floating. An impressive diversity of motility mechanisms has evolved in prokaryotes. Movement can involve surface appendages, such as flagella that spin, pili that pull and Mycoplasma ‘legs’ that walk.

Detailed explanation-4: -The bacterial flagellar motor is powered by the transmembrane electrochemical gradient of ions, namely ion motive force (IMF) and rotates the flagellar filament to generate thrust to propel the cell body.