AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Cilia and flagella are microtubule-based projections of the plasma membrane that are responsible for movement of a variety of eukaryotic cells. Many bacteria also have flagella, but these prokaryotic flagella are quite different from those of eukaryotes.

Detailed explanation-2: -Cilia and flagella-projections from cell surfaces that aid in locomotion and feeding.

Detailed explanation-3: -The cytoskeleton provides a structural framework for the cell, serving as a scaffold that determines cell shape and the general organization of the cytoplasm. In addition to playing this structural role, the cytoskeleton is responsible for cell movements.

Detailed explanation-4: -The ectoplasm forms a hyaline cap at the advancing end. It is generally agreed that the basis of movement resides in the activity of the contractile protein namely actin and myosin. Pseudopodia are responsible for cell movement and help in capturing food.

Detailed explanation-5: -The dynein motor proteins generate the motive force to bend the flagellum and cause it to move with a whip‐like motion through the surrounding fluid. This motion is referred to as the flagellar or ciliary beat.