AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Another important example of active transport is the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which is based on reduction of NADH. It moves protons across the mitochondrial membrane from lower to higher concentration. This generates energy used to power life. Photosynthesis is also based on active transport.

Detailed explanation-2: -Mitochondria – have many mitochondria to increase energy available for active transport of mineral ions.

Detailed explanation-3: -Forms of mtDNA common mutation syndromes Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome. Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF) Neuropathy, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) syndrome. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

Detailed explanation-4: -MtDNA mutations, which may be generated by oxidative stress, can clonally expand to high levels within individual cells. The mechanism of clonal expansion is still under debate, but the most likely explanation is that this occurs by random intracellular drift (Elson and others 2001).