AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Cells also require transport proteins that will actively pump certain solutes across the membrane against their electrochemical gradient (“uphill”); this process, known as active transport, is mediated by carriers, which are also called pumps.

Detailed explanation-2: -The proteins used for active transport are known as carrier proteins. Carrier proteins are types of proteins found in the cell membrane which help in facilitated diffusion and active transport of substances in and out of the cell. Carrier proteins facilitate the transport of sugars, amino acids, and nucleosides.

Detailed explanation-3: -Active transport is an energy-driven process where membrane proteins transport molecules across cells, mainly classified as either primary or secondary, based on how energy is coupled to fuel these mechanisms.

Detailed explanation-4: -Transport proteins are integral transmembrane proteins; that is they exist permanently within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport.