AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Carbohydrate groups are present only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane and are attached to proteins, forming glycoproteins, or lipids, forming glycolipids.

Detailed explanation-2: -Carbohydrates covalently linked to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) are also a part of cell membranes, and function as adhesion and address loci for cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -The outer lining of a eukaryotic cell is called the plasma membrane. This membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment and is made mostly from a double layer of proteins and lipids, fat-like molecules.

Detailed explanation-4: -Carbohydrate chains are attached to various proteins and lipids and modify their functions. The complex structures of carbohydrate chains, which have various biological functions, are involved not only in regulating protein conformation, transport, and stability but also in cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions.