AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In plants and algae, which developed much later, photosynthesis occurs in a specialized intracellular organelle-the chloroplast. Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis during the daylight hours. The immediate products of photosynthesis, NADPH and ATP, are used by the photosynthetic cells to produce many organic molecules.

Detailed explanation-2: -In plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain the chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane and contain a third inner membrane, called the thylakoid membrane, that forms long folds within the organelle.

Detailed explanation-3: -There are two distinct regions present inside a chloroplast known as the grana and stroma. Grana are made up of stacks of disc-shaped structures known as thylakoids or lamellae. The grana of the chloroplast consists of chlorophyll pigments and are the functional units of chloroplasts.

Detailed explanation-4: -Chloroplasts produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield. As such, chloroplasts are responsible for the biosynthesis of active compounds such as amino acids, phytohormones, nucleotides, vitamins, lipids, and secondary metabolites [9].

Detailed explanation-5: -Actin filaments for chloroplast movement. Actin filaments and microtubules are long filaments, and their polarities enable them to transport organelles over long distances with the help of motor proteins, such as myosins and kinesins (Brandizzi and Wasteneys, 2013; Ueda et al., 2015).