AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Blood group antigens are present on glycolipid and glycoprotein molecules of the red cell membrane. The carbohydrate chains of the membrane glycolipids are oriented toward the external surface of the red cell membrane and carry antigens of the ABO, Hh, Ii, and P systems.

Detailed explanation-2: -Each red blood cell is about one-third hemoglobin, by volume. Plasma is about 92% water, with plasma proteins as the most abundant solutes. The main plasma protein groups are albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens. The primary blood gasses are oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.

Detailed explanation-3: -Blood group antigens are either sugars or proteins, and they are attached to various components in the red blood cell membrane. For example, the antigens of the ABO blood group are sugars. They are produced by a series of reactions in which enzymes catalyze the transfer of sugar units.

Detailed explanation-4: -Blood group antigens are observed on O-glycoproteins, N-glycoproteins, and glycolipids, both on red blood cells and various other cells of the body. Blood group antigens are synthesized on type 1, 2, 3, or 4 structures. Type 1 and 2 structures are Gal1–3GlcNAc-R and Gal1–4GlcNAc-R, respectively (Fig.