AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Antibodies are produced by B cells (specialized white blood cells). When an antigen comes into contact with a B cell, it causes the B cell to divide and clone. These cloned B cells-or plasma cells-release millions of antibodies into your bloodstream and lymph system.

Detailed explanation-2: -B cells create antibodies. B lymphocytes, also called B cells, create a type of protein called an antibody. These antibodies bind to pathogens or to foreign substances, such as toxins, to neutralize them. For example, an antibody can bind to a virus, which prevents it from entering a normal cell and causing infection.

Detailed explanation-3: -The body’s immune system helps prevent or limit infection. One way the body fights foreign invaders, like bacteria and viruses, is by making antibodies against them. An antibody is a Y-shaped protein that’s produced by white blood cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -A typical antibody molecule is composed of four polypeptide chains, two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. Parts of both the heavy and light chains usually combine to form the antigen-binding sites.

Detailed explanation-5: -Antibodies are naturally produced by plasma cells within the human body to mediate an adaptive immune response against invading pathogens.