THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM
IMMUNE RESPONSE
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Question
[CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
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TNF
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MIF
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MAF
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GM-CSF
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Detailed explanation-1: -Albeit phagocytosis may provide the initial antigen stimulus, the activity of macrophages can be increased by cytokines secreted by helper T cells, with interferon gamma (IFN-) being one of the most potent macrophage activators.
Detailed explanation-2: -The key pro-inflammatory cytokines are IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-. These cytokines signal via type I cytokine receptors (CCR1) that are structurally divergent from other cytokine receptor types. They are crucial for coordinating cell mediated immune response and play a critical role in modulating the immune system.
Detailed explanation-3: -The IL-12 family of cytokines (IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27) and IL-10 are produced by phagocytic macrophages and play critical roles in the regulation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and effector lymphocytes during an immune response to pathogens.
Detailed explanation-4: -TNF is a potent proinflammatory cytokine secreted by many innate immune cells, particularly activated macrophages, but also neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, DCs, and NK cells.