AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -This type of stimulation–response activity generates some of the most dramatic aspects of inflammation, with large amounts of cytokine production, the activation of many cell types, and in fact the four cardinal signs of inflammation: heat, pain, redness, and swelling (1).

Detailed explanation-2: -Based on visual observation, the ancients characterised inflammation by five cardinal signs, namely redness (rubor), swelling (tumour), heat (calor; only applicable to the body’ extremities), pain (dolor) and loss of function (functio laesa).

Detailed explanation-3: -Acute inflammation may cause: Flushed skin at the site of the injury. Pain or tenderness. Swelling.

Detailed explanation-4: -Bleeding can also develop. If the inflammatory response persists, the organs of the body may begin to fall. For example, the lungs may not work and the patient may need more help from a ventilator. Heart and blood pressure problems may develop, or the kidneys may fail.