AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The first line of defence (or outside defence system) includes physical and chemical barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from infection. These include your skin, tears, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, urine flow, ‘friendly’ bacteria and white blood cells called neutrophils.

Detailed explanation-2: -Nonspecific defense mechanisms include the skin, mucous membranes, secretions, excretions, enzymes, inflammatory responses, genetic factors, hormonal responses, nutritional status, behavior patterns, and the presence of other diseases.

Detailed explanation-3: -Nonspecific defenses include anatomic barriers, inhibitors, phagocytosis, fever, inflammation, and IFN.

Detailed explanation-4: -Humans have three types of immunity-innate, adaptive, and passive: Innate immunity: Everyone is born with innate (or natural) immunity, a type of general protection.

Detailed explanation-5: -Non-specific defenses are the body’s first line of defense against diseases. They are not directed against a particular pathogen. Non-specific defenses guard against all infections, regardless of their cause. It is also called as innate immunity (Fig.