AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Blood supply of the nasal septum: (1) anterior ethmoidal artery, (2) posterior ethmoidal artery, (3) sphenopalatine artery, (4) greater (anterior division) and lesser (posterior division) palatine arteries, (5) greater palatine artery, (6) superior labial artery, and (7) Kiesselbach plexus.

Detailed explanation-2: -Tranexamic acid is used in a number of clinical settings to stop bleeding by preventing clot breakdown (fibrinolysis). It may have a role in the management of epistaxis as an adjunct to standard treatments, reducing the need for further intervention.

Detailed explanation-3: -Initial management includes compression of the nostrils (application of direct pressure to the septal area) and plugging of the affected nostril with gauze or cotton that has been soaked in a topical decongestant. Direct pressure should be applied continuously for at least five minutes, and for up to 20 minutes.

Detailed explanation-4: -The transfusable components that can be derived from donated blood are red cells, platelets, plasma, cryoprecipitated AHF (cryo), and granulocytes. An additional component, white cells, is often removed from donated blood before transfusion.