AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The most common signs and symptoms include fever, chills, urticaria (hives), and itching. Some symptoms resolve with little or no treatment. However, respiratory distress, high fever, hypotension (low blood pressure), and red urine (hemoglobinuria) can indicate a more serious reaction.

Detailed explanation-2: -Allergic reactions include hives, urticaria, pruritus, erythema, bronchospasm, and hypotension. Anaphylactic reactions may occur in IgA-deficient patients. Transfusion-related acute lung injury, a rare but acute respiratory distress syndrome, can also occur.

Detailed explanation-3: -It occurs after transfusion of any platelet-containing product (red blood cells or platelets) causing acute profound thrombocytopenia [1]. It is caused by alloimmunization against platelet antigens, anti-human platelet antigen-1a (HPA-1a) being the most frequent antibody involved [2].

Detailed explanation-4: -A hemolytic transfusion reaction is a serious complication that can occur after a blood transfusion. The reaction occurs when the red blood cells that were given during the transfusion are destroyed by the person’s immune system. When red blood cells are destroyed, the process is called hemolysis.