AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The gene and the plasmid are joined together using an enzyme called DNA ligase . The vector is transferred back into the bacteria host cells.

Detailed explanation-2: -We should use cDNA cloning. In this technique, we isolate mRNA from the cytoplasm of a cell, so that it has already been spliced. We then use reverse transcriptase enzyme to make a DNA copy (cDNA) of the mRNA. This DNA can then be cloned, producing a bacteria-readable gene that lacks introns.

Detailed explanation-3: -Thus, Retrovirus is used as a vector for cloning of genes into higher organisms.

Detailed explanation-4: -Scientists have taken advantage of plasmids to use them as tools to clone, transfer, and manipulate genes. Plasmids that are used experimentally for these purposes are called vectors. Researchers can insert DNA fragments or genes into a plasmid vector, creating a so-called recombinant plasmid.