AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A frameshift variant occurs when there is an addition or loss of nucleotides that shifts the grouping and changes the code for all downstream amino acids. The resulting protein is usually nonfunctional. Insertions, deletions, and duplications can all be frameshift variants.

Detailed explanation-2: -A frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read. A DNA sequence is a chain of many smaller molecules called nucleotides.

Detailed explanation-3: -An insertion or deletion involving a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of three, which consequently disrupts the triplet reading frame of a DNA sequence.

Detailed explanation-4: -Frameshift mutations occur when the coding region of a gene is altered by addition or deletion of a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of three. The occurrence of a deletion versus an insertion type of frameshift depends on the nature of the transient intermediate structure formed during DNA synthesis.

Detailed explanation-5: -Frameshift mutations are deletions or additions of 1, 2, or 4 nucleotides that change the ribosome reading frame and cause premature termination of translation at a new nonsense or chain termination codon (TAA, TAG, and TGA).