AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In order for a cell to manufacture these proteins, specific genes within its DNA must first be transcribed into molecules of mRNA; then, these transcripts must be translated into chains of amino acids, which later fold into fully functional proteins.

Detailed explanation-2: -To manufacture protein molecules, a cell must first transfer information from DNA to mRNA through the process of transcription. Then, a process called translation uses this mRNA as a template for protein assembly.

Detailed explanation-3: -Each gene’s code uses the four nucleotide bases of DNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T)-in various ways to spell out three-letter “codons” that specify which amino acid is needed at each position within a protein.