AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A point mutation occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed. While most point mutations are benign, they can also have various functional consequences, including changes in gene expression or alterations in encoded proteins.

Detailed explanation-2: -Substitution, as related to genomics, is a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide. The term can also refer to the replacement of one amino acid in a protein with a different amino acid.

Detailed explanation-3: -Types of Point Mutations. We are going to focus on the following point mutations: frameshift, silent, nonsense, and missense. Let’s start with a frameshift mutation, where there’s an insertion or deletion of one or more bases.

Detailed explanation-4: -These groupings are divided into silent mutations, missense mutations, and nonsense mutations.

Detailed explanation-5: -Base substitution Base substitutions are the simplest type of gene-level mutation, and they involve the swapping of one nucleotide for another during DNA replication.