AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -With translation, the mRNA code (from the DNA) tells the ribosome the order and type of amino acids to link together. The amino acids are brought to the ribosome by a much smaller type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA).

Detailed explanation-2: -Like words in a sentence, the DNA sequence of a gene determines the amino acid sequence for the protein it encodes. In the protein-coding region of a gene, the DNA sequence is interpreted in groups of three nucleotide bases, called codons. Each codon specifies a single amino acid in a protein.

Detailed explanation-3: -Genes are contained in chromosomes, which are some thread-like structures. The order of genes on a chromosome can be determined by measuring the recombination frequencies. By finding recombination frequencies for different gene pairs, we can do gene mapping that shows the order of the genes on the chromosome.

Detailed explanation-4: -DNA sequencing determines the order of the four chemical building blocks-called “bases”-that make up the DNA molecule.

Detailed explanation-5: -Once it was determined that messenger RNA (mRNA) serves as a copy of chromosomal DNA and specifies the sequence of amino acids in proteins, the question of how this process is actually carried out naturally followed.