AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The mRNA then carries the genetic information from the DNA to the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. During translation, proteins are made using the information stored in the mRNA sequence. The mRNA attaches to a structure called a ribosome that can read the genetic information.

Detailed explanation-2: -Translation takes place on ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm, where mRNA is read and translated into the string of amino acid chains that make up the synthesized protein.

Detailed explanation-3: -The ribosome has three sites for tRNA binding, designated the P (peptidyl), A (aminoacyl), and E (exit) sites. The initiator methionyl tRNA is bound at the P site. The first step in elongation is the binding of the next aminoacyl tRNA to the A site by pairing with the second codon of the mRNA.

Detailed explanation-4: -Ribosomes provide a structure in which translation can take place. They also catalyze the reaction that links amino acids to make a new protein. tRNAs (transfer RNAs) carry amino acids to the ribosome. They act as “bridges, ” matching a codon in an mRNA with the amino acid it codes for.

Detailed explanation-5: -In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), translation occurs in the cytosol, where the large and small subunits of the ribosome bind to the mRNA. In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytoplasm or across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum in a process called co-translational translocation.