AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Once a recombinant plasmid is made that contains a gene of interest, such as insulin, the plasmid can enter bacterial cells by a process called transformation.

Detailed explanation-2: -Researchers can insert DNA fragments or genes into a plasmid vector, creating a so-called recombinant plasmid. This plasmid can be introduced into a bacterium by way of the process called transformation.

Detailed explanation-3: -Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the movement of genetic material between organisms. It plays a key role in bacterial evolution and is the primary mechanism by which bacteria have gained antibiotic resistance and virulence.

Detailed explanation-4: -The plasmid is introduced into bacteria via a process called transformation, and bacteria carrying the plasmid are selected using antibiotics. Bacteria with the correct plasmid are used to make more plasmid DNA or, in some cases, induced to express the gene and make protein.