AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -DNA is known as deoxyribonucleic acid. Replication of DNA is semi-conservative, i.e., one of the strands after replication is parental and the other is the new daughter strand. Hence, DNA has two strands after replication.

Detailed explanation-2: -During DNA replication, one new strand (the leading strand) is made as a continuous piece. The other (the lagging strand) is made in small pieces. DNA replication requires other enzymes in addition to DNA polymerase, including DNA primase, DNA helicase, DNA ligase, and topoisomerase.

Detailed explanation-3: -Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix.

Detailed explanation-4: -DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder-a shape known as a double helix. Each strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups.

Detailed explanation-5: -The initiation of DNA replication occurs in two steps. First, a so-called initiator protein unwinds a short stretch of the DNA double helix. Then, a protein known as helicase attaches to and breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between the bases on the DNA strands, thereby pulling apart the two strands.