AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A frameshift variant occurs when there is an addition or loss of nucleotides that shifts the grouping and changes the code for all downstream amino acids. The resulting protein is usually nonfunctional. Insertions, deletions, and duplications can all be frameshift variants.

Detailed explanation-2: -Insertion mutations and deletion mutations are the two forms of frameshift mutations that might occur. Both have a similar overall impact, shifting the translational reading frame out of alignment and producing a random amino acid sequence.

Detailed explanation-3: -A frameshift mutation in a gene refers to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three.

Detailed explanation-4: -Frameshift. Since protein-coding DNA is divided into codons three bases long, insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly parsed. These changes are called frameshifts.

Detailed explanation-5: -A frameshift mutation is produced either by insertion or deletion of one or more new bases. Because the reading frame begins at the start site, any mRNA produced from a mutated DNA sequence will be read out of frame after the point of the insertion or deletion, yielding a nonsense protein.