AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Sometimes, gene variants (also known as mutations) prevent one or more proteins from working properly. By changing a gene’s instructions for making a protein, a variant can cause a protein to malfunction or to not be produced at all.

Detailed explanation-2: -Missense Mutation A missense mutation is a DNA change that results in different amino acids being encoded at a particular position in the resulting protein. Some missense mutations alter the function of the resulting protein.

Detailed explanation-3: -Genes contain information to make proteins, and proteins control many important functions like cell growth. Genetic mutations can change how proteins function. Some types of genetic mutations change proteins in ways that cause healthy cells to become cancerous.

Detailed explanation-4: -While mutations always change the DNA sequence, they do not always cause a change in the resulting protein or an obvious effect on the organism. This can occur because most amino acids can be coded by two or more different codons.

Detailed explanation-5: -Missense mutations and nonsense mutations do affect protein structure and function and often can cause genetic diseases in humans. Some examples of diseases caused by these mutations include: Sickle cell anemia. Duchenne muscular dystrophy.