AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Deletion frameshift mutation, wherein one or more nucleotides are deleted in a nucleic acid, resulting in the alteration of the reading frame, i.e., reading frameshift, of the nucleic acid. Deletion is a more common mechanism for inducing the frameshift mutation that results in an altered reading frame.

Detailed explanation-2: -Frameshift mutations are additions or deletions of nucleotides that cause a shift in the reading frame.

Detailed explanation-3: -Frameshift Mutation If a mutation disrupts this normal reading frame, then the entire gene sequence following the mutation will be incorrectly read. This can result in the addition of the wrong amino acids to the protein and/or the creation of a codon that stops the protein from growing longer.

Detailed explanation-4: -Since protein-coding DNA is divided into codons three bases long, insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly parsed. These changes are called frameshifts.

Detailed explanation-5: -A reading frame consists of groups of three nucleotides that each code for one amino acid . A frameshift variant occurs when there is an addition or loss of nucleotides that shifts the grouping and changes the code for all downstream amino acids. The resulting protein is usually nonfunctional.